Emva komhla woku-1 kuJulayi, i-2006, i-European Union inelungelo lokwenza uhlolo olungakhethiyo lweemveliso zombane kunye nezombane ezithengiswa kwimarike.Nje ukuba imveliso ifunyaniswe ingahambelani neemfuno zoMgaqo we-RoHs, i-European Union inelungelo lokuthatha amanyathelo okohlwaya anjengokunqunyanyiswa kweentengiso, izitywini kunye nezohlwayo..
Ndichatshazelwa ngubhubhane, ukuthunyelwa kwezixhobo zasekhaya zelizwe lam kuye kwafikelela kwinqanaba eliphezulu.Ngokweenkcukacha-manani ezikhutshwe yi-General Administration of Customs, ngo-2021, ukuthunyelwa kwe-China kwempahla yasekhaya kufikelele kwi-98.72 yeebhiliyoni zeedola, ukunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka kwe-22.3%.Izixhobo zombane zasekhaya nazo ziye zaba sesine ukudlula i-100 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika emva kweesekethe ezidityanisiweyo, iiselfowuni, kunye neekhompyuter (kubandakanywa neencwadi zokubhalela) iimveliso zeemveliso ze-electromechanical (izibalo ezivela kwiChina Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Mechanical and Electrical Products, Imveliso yombane yelizwe lam iya kuba yi-118.45 yeebhiliyoni zeedola zaseMelika ngo-2021) Iimveliso zokuthengisa ngaphandle.
I-China lelinye labenzi abakhulu bezixhobo zekhaya.Izixhobo zombane zasekhaya zithunyelwa kumazwe angaphezu kwama-200 (okanye imimandla) kumazwekazi amathandathu ehlabathini.IYurophu kunye noMntla Melika zezona ntengiso zemveli zelizwe lam ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kwesixhobo sombane.Emva komhla woku-1 kuJulayi, i-2006, i-European Union inelungelo lokwenza uhlolo olungakhethiyo lweemveliso zombane kunye nezombane ezithengiswa kwimarike.Nje ukuba imveliso ifunyaniswe ingahambelani neemfuno zoMgaqo we-RoHs, i-European Union inelungelo lokuthatha imilinganiselo yokohlwaya efana nokunqunyanyiswa kweentengiso, izitywini kunye nezohlwayo.Ke ngoko, ukuba wenza, ungenisa elizweni okanye usasaza izinto eziphantsi kwalo Myalelo, umxholo wezinto ezinobungozi kwimveliso akufuneki ugqithe kumanqanaba avunyelweyo.
1. Yintoni uMyalelo weRoHS?Ukulungelelanisa imithetho yamazwe angamalungu ekuthintelweni kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezinobungozi kwizixhobo zombane kunye nezixhobo zombane, ukulinganisa umgangatho kunye nemigangatho yenkqubo yeemveliso zombane kunye ne-elektroniki, zibenze zilungele ngakumbi impilo yabantu kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kunye nokunceda inkunkuma. izixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki zithobela iimfuno zokusiNgqongileyo zokuphinda zisetyenziswe kwaye zilahlwe, iManyano yaseYurophu yakhupha umyalelo wokuthintelwa kokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezithile eziyingozi kwizixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki (2002/95/EC) nge-23 kaJanuwari 2003, oko kukuthi, Umyalelo we-RoHS ufuna ukususela nge-1 kaJulayi 2006 Ukususela ngoko, zonke izixhobo zombane kunye ne-elektroniki ezithengiswa kwimarike ye-EU kufuneka zithintele ukusetyenziswa kwesinyithi esinzima njengelothe, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-chromium ene-hexavalent, kunye ne-flame retardants njenge-polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) ) kunye ne-polybrominated biphenyl (PBB).Yatshintshwa kwi-2011 ngoMyalelo omtsha (2011/65/EU).Lo myalelo mtsha waqala ukusebenza nge-3 kaJanuwari 2013, kwaye lo myalelo wokuqala watshitshiswa kwangaxeshanye.Ngokwamalungiselelo omyalelo omtsha, ukusukela kumhla wokurhoxiswa komyalelo wokuqala, zonke iimveliso eziphantsi kophawu lwe-CE kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno zombane ophantsi (LVD), ukuhambelana kombane (EMC), iimveliso ezinxulumene namandla (ErP) kunye nomyalelo omtsha we-RoHS ngaxeshanye.Ukungena kwimarike ye-EU, iinkampani ezithumela ngaphandle izixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki kwilizwe elikwi-EU kufuneka zithobele imithetho ethile yelizwe elithumela ngaphandle.
2. Uthini umxholo ongundoqo womyalelo omtsha we-RoHS?Xa kuthelekiswa nomyalelo wokuqala we-RoHS, umxholo ohlaziyiweyo we-RoHS entsha ubonakaliswa ikakhulu kwezi nkalo zine zilandelayo: Okokuqala, ububanzi beemveliso ezilawulwayo zandisiwe.Ngokusekwe kwiindidi ezisibhozo zezixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki ezilawulwa ngumyalelo wokuqala we-RoHS, iye yandiswa ukuze ibandakanye izixhobo zonyango kunye nezixhobo zokubeka iliso.Phantse kuzo zonke izixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki, amaxesha ahlukeneyo okwenziwa achazwe kwiindidi zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo.Okwesibini, yazisa uphononongo kunye nendlela yokongeza yoluhlu lwezinto ezithintelweyo, uphonononge rhoqo kwaye uhlaziye izinto ezinobungozi kunye nemida yazo, kunye nokwandisa izinto ezithintelweyo ngendlela engqongqo ngakumbi.Xa ukhetha izinto ezithintelweyo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kwakhona ulungelelwaniso neminye imimiselo, ngakumbi izinto ezikwiSihlomelo XIV (uLuhlu loGunyaziso lweSVHC) kunye neSihlomelo XVI (Uludwe Lwezinto Ezithintelweyo) soMmiselo we-REACH, ngokubonisa umda wezinto ezithintelweyo ukulungiselela uvandlakanyo lwexesha elizayo. .Vumela ixesha elingakumbi kunye nesikhokelo kumashishini ukukhetha ezinye izixhobo.Okwesithathu, cacisa indlela yoxolelo, ukunika amaxesha ahlukeneyo ee-exemption ahlukeneyo kwiindidi zeemveliso ezahlukeneyo ukukhuthaza amashishini ukuba aphuhlise iindlela ezizezinye ezifanelekileyo, kwaye alungelelanise kwaye ahlaziye ixesha elisemthethweni loxolelo ngokweyona meko.Okwesine, ngokunxulumene nenqaku le-CE, ngokweemfuno zomyalelo omtsha we-RoHS, izixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki kufuneka zingafezekisi kuphela iimfuno ezimiselweyo zezinto ezithintelweyo, kodwa zincamathelise uphawu lwe-CE phambi kokulubeka emarikeni.Umahluko omkhulu phakathi komyalelo weRoHS omdala kunye nomtsha
3. Ithini imida yeemveliso ezilawulwa ngumyalelo we-RoHS?
1. Izixhobo zekhaya ezinkulu: iifriji, oomatshini bokuhlamba, ii-oven microwaves, air conditioners, njl. njl., kubandakanywa iindidi ezintsha zemveliso ye-RoHS "igrill yegesi", "i-oven yegesi" kunye "ne-heater yegesi".
2. Izixhobo ezincinci zendlu: i-vacuum cleaners, iintsimbi zombane, izomisi zeenwele, ii-ovens, iiwotshi, njl.
3. Iteknoloji yolwazi kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano: iikhompyutha, oomatshini befeksi, iifowuni, iiselfowuni, njl.
4. Izixhobo zabasebenzisi: iirediyo, iithelevishini, iirekhoda zevidiyo, izixhobo zomculo, njl., kubandakanywa nodidi olutsha lwemveliso ye-RoHS "ifenitshala enemisebenzi yombane", njengokuthi "ukuphakamisa iibhedi ezinqamlekileyo" kunye "nokuphakamisa izitulo zokuhlalisa".
5. Izixhobo zokukhanyisa: Izibane ze-Fluorescent ngaphandle kokukhanyisa kwendlu, njl., izixhobo zokulawula ukukhanya
6. Izixhobo zombane kunye ne-elektroniki (ngaphandle kwezixhobo ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso ezimileyo): ii-drills zombane, iileyile, i-welding, izitshizi, njl.
7. Izinto zokudlala, ukuzonwabisa kunye nezixhobo zemidlalo: izithuthi zombane, oomatshini bomdlalo wevidiyo, oomatshini bokungcakaza abazenzekelayo, njl. njl., kubandakanywa nodidi olutsha lwemveliso ye-RoHS "amathoyizi anemisebenzi emincinci yombane", efana "neebhere ezithethayo" kunye "neebhere ezithethayo. "Izihlangu ezikhazimlayo".
8. Izixhobo zonyango: izixhobo zonyango lwe-radiation, i-electrocardiogram tester, isixhobo sokuhlalutya, njl.
9. Ukubeka iliso kunye nokulawula izixhobo: izixhobo zokujonga umsi, ii-incubators, iifektri zokubeka iliso kunye noomatshini bokulawula, njl.
10. Oomatshini bokuthengisa
11. Nayiphi na enye iEEE engekho phakathi kolu luhlu lungentla: Ukongeza “kukutshintsha kombane” kunye “netyesi yombane”, kubandakanywa nemveliso entsha ye-RoHS yodidi “impahla esebenza ngombane”, “njengempahla efudunyezwayo” kunye "ikhazimla emanzini" iibhatyi zobomi".
Iimveliso ezilawulwa ngumyalelo we-RoHS azibandakanyi kuphela iimveliso zomatshini ezipheleleyo, kodwa kunye namacandelo, izinto ezikrwada kunye nokupakishwa okusetyenziselwa ukuveliswa koomatshini abapheleleyo, abahambelana nayo yonke ikhonkco lemveliso.
4. Ziziphi iimfuno zezinto ezinobungozi kunye nemida yazo?Inqaku le-4 le-RoHS Directive entsha limisela ukuba amazwe angamalungu kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba iimveliso zombane kunye ne-elektroniki ezibekwe kwimarike, kubandakanywa iintambo zabo kunye nezixhobo zokulungiswa okanye ukusetyenziswa kwakhona, okanye ukuhlaziya imisebenzi yabo okanye ukwandisa amandla abo, aziqulathi i-lead (Pb) , i-mercury (Hg), i-cadmium (Cd), i-chromium ene-hexavalent (Cr6+), i-polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) kunye ne-polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi ze-6.Kwi-2015, umyalelo ohlaziyiweyo we-2015 / 863 / EU wakhutshwa, ukwandisa umyalelo omtsha we-RoHS, ukwandisa i-DEHP (i-2-ethylhexyl phthalate), i-BBP (i-butyl benzyl phthalate), i-DBP (i-dibutyl phthalate), i-DIBP (i-diisobutyl phthalate) Izinto ezine zeekhemikhali. ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phthalates, njenge-phthalates), ziye zafaka kuluhlu lwezinto ezithintelweyo zeekhemikhali.Emva kohlaziyo lomyalelo, iintlobo zemichiza eyingozi kwizixhobo zombane ezilawulwa ngumyalelo omtsha we-RoHS zonyuswe ukuya kwi-10:
1. Ilothe (Pb) Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo: i-solder, iglasi, izinzinzi zePVC 2. I-Mercury (Hg) (imercury) Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo: i-thermostats, izinzwa, izitshixo kunye neelayidi, iibhalbhu zokukhanya 3. I-Cadmium (Cd) ) Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo: izitshixo, izithombo, izihlanganisi, izindlu kunye neePCB, abafowunelwa, iibhetri 4. I-chromium ene-Hexavalent (Cr 6+) Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwesi sixhobo: Iingubo zentsimbi ezichasene nokuhlwa Imizekelo yale nto: iiretardants zomlilo, IiPCB, izihlanganisi, izindlu zeplastiki 6. Iipolybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) Imizekelo yokusebenzisa le nto: iiretardants zomlilo, iiPCB, izihlanganisi, izindlu zeplastiki ethylhexyl ester) 8. BBP (butyl benzyl phthalate) 9. DBP (dibutyl phthalate) 10 DIBP. (diisobutyl phthalate)
Kwangaxeshanye, owona mxholo uphezulu wezinto ezinobungozi kwizinto ezixubeneyo zezi: ilothe engagqithiyo kwi-0.1%, imekyuri engagqithanga kwi-0.1%, i-cadmium engagqithanga kwi-0.01%, i-chromium enehexavalent engagqithiyo kwi-0.1%, i-polybrominated biphenyls engagqithiyo kwi-0.1%, i-polybrominated diphenyl diphthal ii-ethers ezingekho ngaphezu kwe-0.1%.Iikhemikhali ezintsha ezine ezibizwa ngokuba zii-phthalates zongezwa ngomda we-0.1% nganye.
5. Ithini inkqubo yokuqinisekisa isicelo?
■ Inyathelo loku-1. Gcwalisa ifom yesicelo sovavanyo lwe-RoHS, enokuthi iqokelelwe kwiziko lokuqinisekisa i-RoHS, okanye ikhutshelwe kwi-website ye-RoHS verification centre, ize ibuyiswe emva kokuzaliswa.■ Inyathelo lesi-2. Kowuti: Emva kokufaka isicelo, umthengi uthumela isampuli (okanye unikezelo olucacileyo) kwiyunithi yokuqinisekisa, kwaye iyunithi yokungqinisisa yahlula isampuli ngokufanelekileyo ngokweemfuno, kwaye ibuyisela ubungakanani bemveliso kunye nentlawulo yovavanyo umthengi.■ Inyathelo lesi-3. Emva kokuba intlawulo ifunyenwe, uvavanyo luya kulungiselelwa.Ngokuqhelekileyo, uvavanyo luya kugqitywa kwiveki enye.■ Inyathelo lesi-4. Papasha ingxelo, enokuthi ihanjiswe ngekhuriya, ngefeksi, nge-imeyile okanye ngumhloli ngokobuqu.
6. Ingaba isiqinisekiso se-RoHS sixabisa malini?Elona xabiso lichanekileyo lovavanyo lwe-RoHS lifuna ukuba inkampani ibonelele ngemifanekiso yemveliso kunye nebhilikhwe yezixhobo, kuxhomekeke kubunzima bemveliso.Ukuqinisekiswa kwe-RoHS kwahlukile kwi-CCC, i-UL kunye nezinye iziqinisekiso.Iqhuba kuphela iimvavanyo zohlalutyo lweekhemikhali kwiisampuli, ngoko akukho kuhlolwa kwefektri.Ukuba iimveliso azitshintshi kwaye imigangatho yokuvavanya ayihlaziywa, akuyi kuba nezinye iindleko zokulandelelana.
7. Kuthatha ixesha elingakanani ukwenza isatifikethi se-ROHS?Okwangoku, isiqinisekiso se-RoHS sivavanya ikakhulu izinto ezi-6 zelothe, i-mercury, i-cadmium, i-chromium enehexavalent, i-PBB kunye ne-PBDE.Iimveliso eziqhelekileyo zifaka isicelo sesatifikethi se-ROHS.Kwisiseko sokuba abathengi babonelele ngeesampulu kunye nezixhobo, ixesha lovavanyo lwe-RoHS kwiimveliso eziqhelekileyo malunga neentsuku ezi-7.
8. Isiqinisekiso se-ROHS sisebenza ixesha elingakanani?Akukho xesha linyanzelekileyo lokuqinisekiswa kwesatifikethi se-ROHS.Ukuba umgangatho wovavanyo lwesatifikethi se-ROHS awuhlaziywanga ngokusemthethweni, isatifikethi se-ROHS sokuqala sinokusebenza ixesha elide.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-09-2022